Active and Passive Voice

 🟢 Active Voice (सक्रिय वाच्य)


🔹 Definition in English:


When the subject does the action, the sentence is in Active Voice.


🔹 Definition in Hindi:


जब वाक्य में कर्म करने वाला (Subject) स्वयं कार्य करता है, तो वह वाक्य सक्रिय वाच्य (Active Voice) कहलाता है।


🔹 Structure:


Subject + Verb + Object


🔹 Examples:


1. English: Ram eats an apple.

Hindi: राम एक सेब खाता है।

👉 यहाँ “Ram” (राम) खुद क्रिया (खाने का कार्य) कर रहा है।



2. English: The teacher teaches the students.

Hindi: शिक्षक विद्यार्थियों को पढ़ाते हैं।

👉 यहाँ “teacher” स्वयं पढ़ाने का कार्य कर रहा है।


🔵 Passive Voice (कर्तृवाच्य / निष्क्रिय वाच्य)


🔹 Definition in English:


When the subject receives the action (i.e., work is done on the subject), the sentence is in Passive Voice.


🔹 Definition in Hindi:


जब वाक्य में कार्य कर्म पर किया जाता है, तो वह वाक्य निष्क्रिय वाच्य (Passive Voice) कहलाता है।


🔹 Structure:


Object + (to be) + Past Participle (V³) + by + Subject


🔹 Examples:


1. English: An apple is eaten by Ram.

Hindi: एक सेब राम द्वारा खाया जाता है।

👉 यहाँ “apple” पर कार्य किया जा रहा है, इसलिए यह Passive Voice है।


2. English: The students are taught by the teacher.

Hindi: विद्यार्थियों को शिक्षक द्वारा पढ़ाया जाता है।

👉 यहाँ “students” पर कार्य किया गया है।


🕐 ALL TENSES – ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE WITH HINDI MEANINGS



1️⃣ Present Simple (Indefinite Tense)


Rule: am/is/are + V3


Active Passive Hindi


She writes a letter. A letter is written by her. वह एक पत्र लिखती है। / एक पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा जाता है।

They make cakes. Cakes are made by them. वे केक बनाते हैं। / केक उनके द्वारा बनाए जाते हैं।



2️⃣ Present Continuous


Rule: am/is/are + being + V3


Active Passive Hindi


She is writing a letter. A letter is being written by her. वह एक पत्र लिख रही है। / एक पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा जा रहा है।

They are building a house. A house is being built by them. वे एक घर बना रहे हैं। / एक घर उनके द्वारा बनाया जा रहा है।




3️⃣ Present Perfect


Rule: has/have + been + V3


Active Passive Hindi


She has written a letter. A letter has been written by her. उसने एक पत्र लिखा है। / एक पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा गया है।

They have finished the work. The work has been finished by them. उन्होंने काम पूरा किया है। / काम उनके द्वारा पूरा किया गया है।



4️⃣ Present Perfect Continuous


❌ No passive form (because the action’s duration can’t be logically expressed in passive voice)


Active Passive Hindi


She has been writing a letter for two hours. — वह दो घंटे से पत्र लिख रही है।



5️⃣ Past Simple


Rule: was/were + V3


Active Passive Hindi


She wrote a letter.

उसने एक पत्र लिखा

A letter was written by her.

एक पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा गया।

They built a house. A house was built by them. उन्होंने एक घर बनाया। / एक घर उनके द्वारा बनाया गया।



6️⃣ Past Continuous


Rule: was/were + being + V3


Active Passive Hindi


She was writing a letter. A letter was being written by her. वह एक पत्र लिख रही थी। / एक पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा जा रहा था।

They were playing cricket. Cricket was being played by them. वे क्रिकेट खेल रहे थे। / क्रिकेट उनके द्वारा खेला जा रहा था।



7️⃣ Past Perfect


Rule: had + been + V3


Active Passive Hindi


She had written a letter. A letter had been written by her. उसने एक पत्र लिखा था। / एक पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा गया था।

They had completed the work. The work had been completed by them. उन्होंने काम पूरा किया था। / काम उनके द्वारा पूरा किया गया था।



8️⃣ Past Perfect Continuous


❌ No passive form


Active Passive Hindi


She had been writing a letter for an hour. — वह एक घंटे से पत्र लिख रही थी।



9️⃣ Future Simple


Rule: will/shall + be + V3


Active Passive Hindi


She will write a letter. A letter will be written by her. वह एक पत्र लिखेगी। / एक पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा जाएगा।

They will build a house. A house will be built by them. वे एक घर बनाएंगे। / एक घर उनके द्वारा बनाया जाएगा।



🔟 Future Continuous


❌ No passive form


Active Passive Hindi


She will be writing a letter. — वह एक पत्र लिख रही होगी।



1️⃣1️⃣ Future Perfect


Rule: will/shall + have been + V3


Active Passive Hindi


She will have written a letter. A letter will have been written by her. वह एक पत्र लिख चुकी होगी। / एक पत्र उसके द्वारा लिखा जा चुका होगा।

They will have completed the work. The work will have been completed by them. वे काम पूरा कर चुके होंगे। / काम उनके द्वारा पूरा किया जा चुका होगा।



1️⃣2️⃣ Future Perfect Continuous


❌ No passive form


Active Passive Hindi


She will have been writing a letter for two hours. — वह दो घंटे से पत्र लिख रही होगी।



🌈 QUICK SUMMARY TABLE


Tense Passive Rule Passive Possible?


Present Simple am/is/are + V3 ✅

Present Continuous am/is/are + being + V3 ✅

Present Perfect has/have + been + V3 ✅

Present Perfect Continuous — ❌

Past Simple was/were + V3 ✅

Past Continuous was/were + being + V3 ✅

Past Perfect had + been + V3 ✅

Past Perfect Continuous — ❌

Future Simple will/shall + be + V3 ✅

Future Continuous — ❌

Future Perfect will/shall + have been + V3 ✅

Future Perfect Continuous — ❌




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